![]() ![]() All persons having an interest in the subject of the action and in obtaining the relief demanded shall be joined as plaintiffs. Parties in interest.- Every action must be prosecuted and defended in the name of the real party in interest. Who may be parties.- Only natural or juridical persons or entities authorized by law may be parties in a civil action. Commencement of action.- A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court. In the cases falling under clause (b) the jurisdiction shall be determined by the aggregate amount of the demands, if for money, or by their nature and character, if otherwise. In the cases falling under clause (a) of the preceding paragraph, the action shall be filed in the inferior court unless any of the causes joined falls within the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance, in which case it shall be filed in the latter court. Joinder of causes of action.- Subject to rules regarding jurisdiction, venue and joinder of parties, a party may in one pleading state, in the alternative or otherwise, as many causes of action as he may have against an opposing party (a) if the said causes of action arise out of the same contract, transaction or relation between the parties, or (b) if the causes of action are for demands for money, or are of the same nature and character. ![]() ![]() Effect of splitting a single cause of action.-If two or more complaints are brought for different parts of a single cause of action, the filing of the first may be pleaded in abatement of the other or others, in accordance with section 1(e) of Rule 16, and a judgment upon the merits in any one is available as a bar in the others. One suit for a single cause of action.- A party may not institute more than one suit for a single cause of action. Special proceeding distinguished.- Every other remedy, including one to establish the status or right of a party or a particular fact, shall be by special proceeding. ![]() Action defined.- Action means an ordinary suit in a court of justice, by which one party prosecutes another for the enforcement or protection of a right, or the prevention or redress of a wrong. Construction.-These rules shall be liberally construed in order to promote their object and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding. Title of the Rules.- These rules shall be known and cited as the Rules of Court. Pursuant to the provisions of section 13 of Article VIII of the Constitution, the Supreme Court hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules governing pleading, practice and procedure in all courts of the Philippines, and the admission to the practice of law therein: ![]()
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